Everyone who has studied English for any length of time
knows the concepts of singular and plural are very important.
But few students actually use the concepts correctly.
Pretty much everyone gets the singular right. If I ask for a
definition of “singular”, almost every student says, “One”.
And that’s the right answer. But when it comes to plural, a
lot of people get it wrong. What do you think the definition
of plural is?
If you answered “Two or more”, you’re thinking in terms of
math (and integers (整数)). But language isn’t math, and in
English the definition of plural is “Not one”. So while 2 is
definitely plural, so are 1.5, 0.5, 2/3 and so on.
Now, what about zero? Zero is actually a special case.
Whether it is singular or plural depends on what the usual
situation is for the person who is talking, the noun involved,
and so on. In other words, it’s sort of case-by-case. But
let’s take a look at a few examples:
1. I have no friends. (In this case, the idea of “zero” – no
friends equals zero friends – is treated as a plural, because
usually people have more than one friend.)
2. I don’t own a car. (Most people only own one car, so this
zero is treated as singular. However, if the speaker was
someone who was really rich, and he was talking with his other
really rich friends, all of whom own several cars each, then
this person might also say “I don’t own any cars”, and that
would be fine as well.)
3. I don’t own any shoes. (Shoes come in pairs, so this is
plural.)
4. I’m not wearing a watch. (People usually only wear one
watch, so this is singular.)
There are also some cases where grammar considerations make
the zero singular or plural. For example, when using “no one”
or “nobody”, the zero is always singular because these words
themselves are singular. (There is no such word as “no ones”
in English.) And in a sentence like “There isn’t any furniture
in my house”, the zero is singular because “furniture” is an
uncountable noun and so always appears in the singular form.
1. I have no (=zero) friends. (私には友だちが一人もいません。)
(一般的には友人が複数いて当たり前であるという概念から、この場合は複数扱いです。)
2. I don’t own a car. (私は車を持っていません。)
(車を持っている人のほとんどは1台しか持っていませんね。ですからこの場合は単数扱いです。但し、もし話し手にお金が有り余ってい
て、車を複数所有している友人たちと話していると仮定する場合は、“I don’t own any
cars” でも間違いではありませんが・・・)
3. I don’t own any shoes. (私は靴を1足も持っていません。)
(靴は対になっているので、英語で書く時は“shoes”と、複数形を用います。)
4. I’m not wearing a watch. (私は腕時計をつけていません。)
(腕時計をしている人でも、普通は一つしか身につけていません。ですからこの場合は単数です。)
別の例を見てみましょう。
5. No one came to the party. (パーティーには誰も来ませんでした。)
“no one” や“nobody” という名詞を用いる時、oneやbodyが単数なので、ゼロは単数扱いです。 (英語には
“no ones” などという言い方は存在しません。)
6. There isn’t any furniture in my house. (私の家には家具がありません。)
“furniture(家具)”は集合名詞の中でも単数扱いの名詞です。
このように文法上の規則によっても、ゼロが単数扱いか複数扱いかが決まる場合があります。
2013年2月
One of the best ways to improve
your English is to put yourself in a place
where there are a lot of native English speakers. There are a
few "gaijin bars" around Hiroshima, but one of the best is
called Cloud 5. It's run by a guy named Peter Berg, who has
been in Japan for almost 30 years and speaks fluent Japanese.
(So he can understand you even if your English isn't that
good.)
Cloud 5 is located in Nagarekawa, and can be a little hard
to find. (Here's a map.)
But it's worth the search. It's small, cozy and has
reasonably priced drinks. Peter also keeps the place
stocked with games of all kinds, so you'll never be
bored. And there is a wide selection of music.
So the next time you want to try someplace new, and maybe
improve your English at the same time, give Cloud 5 a
try. You'll be glad you did.
2012年7月
One of the Able students, a
young doctor, recently went to Ireland for a medical
conference. He sent back this great
postcard, which shows the famous Cliffs of Moher.
If you think that it would be fun to improve your English
to the point that you can participate in medical conferences
with confidence, why not try a free trial lesson at Able? We
specialize in helping high-end students improve their
English to the point where it can actually be used for
business, medicine and so on. Just send us an email here
to get started.
西洋では、しかしながらこんなところにも文化の違いが見られます。独創性や個人主義は、逆に美徳なのです。それゆえに、相手
が用いた言葉は敢えて使おうとはしません。ですから、"Good morning"と言われたら、こちらからは、"How
you doing this morning?"、"Top of the morning to
you"、あるいは、"Nice day today"などのように返します。場合によっては、"How's it
going?"や、"Good to see you"、"What's
new?"など、朝の挨拶とは全く関係の無い言い回しをすることもあります。
同様に、もし誰かに"How are you?"と聞かれたら、"Fine, thank you. And
you?"のみならず、様々な答えが出てきます。(本当のところ、"Fine, thank you. And
you?"は、形式ばった言い方なので、最近ではネイティブの間であまり使われません。)例えば、"How's
everything?"や、"What's up?"、または"Fair to middling,
thanks."など、そのどれを取っても正しい回答と言えます。("How are you?"と聞かれて、"What's
up?"と答える、すなわち質問に質問で答えるのは、日本人的には???かも知れませんが、別におかしくはないのです)